Improving the Value Chain With Corporate Social...

The realm of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is to increase business profitability and opportunities by making improvements in terms of operational effectiveness throughout the value chain (Rangan, Chase Karim, 2012). This increasingly popular CSR among corporate and academic leaders is synonymous to the â€Å"shared value† framework, whereby organizations seek to co-create economic and social value. According to Ridurnolu, Prhalad and Rangaswami (2009), corporations from the United States recognize the business value of revolutionizing new manufacturing and technology that cut operating costs while minimizing impacts on the environment. This CSR domain focuses on operational efficiency and also building revenue, with the initiative to be determined by the ability to improve the corporate bottom line while at the same time returning social value. To achieve that, the strategy is to reengineer a corporation’s entire value chain, which stems from natural resource e xtraction and sourcing to manufacturing, shipping and product delivering. An example would be Nike’s establishment of their Code of Conduct which oversees its entire production supply chain. Nike’s code consists of requirements that their employees be given basic rights such as fair compensations, safe and healthy work environment and ethical treatment in the workplace (Nike, Inc, 2010). According to Angeles (2014), the company also launched an environment management information system that reduces the negativeShow MoreRelatedUnilever s Strategy For Sustainable Growth912 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversial issue. Unilever has been accused of profiting off of those less fortunate in an effort to improve the bottom line. Can Unilever’s approach to environmental improvements be seen as a strategic plan for increased sales, corporate social responsibility or both? Acceptable for a for-profit company to profit from proverty? This question can be changed into a powerful statement. Unilever doesn’t view its Sustainable Living Plan as profiting off of poverty, but rather to improve the qualityRead MorePersonal Motives For Corporate Social Responsibility933 Words   |  4 Pagesfor Corporate Social Responsibility (Graafland, J. Mazereeuw-Van der Duijn Schouten, C. 2012) analyze the motivations of directors to take responsibility for the labor, environmental and social aspects in business. It distinguishes the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by conducting a survey consisting of a sample of 473 executives. What is more, the motives are classified as three types: â€Å"financial motives†, which is external, â€Å"ethical and altruistic† which are internal. the corporate socialRead More Case Analysis Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world. During the transformation to a global corporate enterprise, IBM maintained its core values and principles. As a leader in the industries in which it serves, IBM entered its second century in business dedicated to its culture of fairness and corporate citizenship. IBM utilizes a consistent approach to technology and innovation, and has a positive impact on the communities in which it operates. IBM is passionate about social responsibility, interested in making a positive change in societyRead MoreThe Ethics And Code Of Workplace Practices1683 Words   |  7 PagesIn the business world ,fiscal command frequently triumph over the values, the values of social responsibility and ethical behavior as corporations endeavor to relieve costs and reduce contingencies in future ,nowhere is that drive for certainty and cost reduction is more enthralling then in the corporate supply chain, the global market place demands that supply chains be fleet-footed and scatter ,an efficient supply chain is responsible for changing the organization priorities by keeping theRead MoreStarbucks Ethical Behavior1546 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviour of star bucks Over the last two decades social corporate responsibility has become an increasingly important factor in the business world. Corporate Social Responsibility is concerned with treating the stakeholders of a company or institution ethically or in a responsible manner. â€Å"Ethically or responsible means treating key stakeholders in a manner deemed acceptable according to international norms â€Å" Hopkins (2011).By social corporate responsibility we mean that businesses and organization thatRead MoreSustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility at IKEA928 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluenced by the demands of customers and stakeholders. The business approach and corporate philosophy of an organization is easily altered due to economic pressures, technological improvement and stakeholder needs and demands. Going green or being eco-friendly is one such demand. IKEA is among the top sustainability leaders in the Scandinavian region. The company is able to confidently respond to questi ons of responsibility raised by consumers, employees, and investors regarding eco-friendly productsRead MoreCase Study Of Levi Strauss825 Words   |  4 Pageswomen, children, and men. There are high performing organizations like Levi Strauss that strive to ascertain processes, functions or offerings that are important to their business such as improving human resource management, knowledge management and investing in human capital and corporate social responsibility to evaluate their efficiency and effectiveness in contrast to leading competitors and innovators. To promote continuous improvements Levi Strauss drives profitable business results by leveragingRead MoreThe 21St Century Has Led To Businesses Having More Corporate1471 Words   |  6 Pageshaving more Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) than before. CSR will help businesses to add value to their company. A business should know the importance of the value chain along with using CSR and not just look at profits. Custo mers like to do business with companies that are responsible inside and outside of an organization. When business fail with using CSR they will lose customers because customers like to do business with responsible businesses that show corporate social responsibility. Read MoreA Business s Only Responsibility1013 Words   |  5 PagesA business’s only responsibility is to produce profit. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Businesses should take social responsibility in addition to producing profits. Corporate social responsibility refers to a business practices that involves participating and make benefits to society. CSR is a way of companies benefiting themselves so; business should also take social responsibility instead of only taking profit. This is because taking on social responsibility benefits both theRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility at Carrefour1122 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) at Carrefour Introduction: In an era of globalization, international trade deregulation and continual push-and-pull between industry and environment, it can be extremely difficult for a multinational corporation to maintain a competitive business model in balance with a meaningful sense of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This is especially true for the largest retail companies in the world, which typically depend on the retention of extremely low

Knowledge Sharing Free Essays

Creating a knowledge sharing culture in organizations today is a norm. Please comment. The most valuable asset with any organization is intellectual capital i. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Sharing or any similar topic only for you Order Now e knowledge. Hence it is inevitable for organizations to create, nurture and develop this asset to achieve sustainable advantage in the market. Organizations can leverage the power of knowledge and bring innovation in their product and service offerings, achieving higher customer satisfaction, higher revenues, profits etc. Ultimately it helps the organization meet its business objectives. A knowledge sharing culture encourages people to work together more effectively and collaborate to share information. It makes the organizational knowledge more productive. Hence creating a knowledge sharing culture has become a norm in organizations Why is sharing knowledge important? Can you list a few reasons? As mentioned earlier, the only sustainable competitive advantage is knowledge and continuous innovation. To achieve this, knowledge sharing is important.Today’s age is characterized by employees with high mobility. The concept of lifetime employment does not exist any longer. People change jobs for professional advancement and career growth. Hence when employees leave the organisation, their knowledge also walks out of the door with them. To retain the knowledge base within the organization, there has to be a knowledge sharing culture within the company. As more and more organizations operate in the global space, the boundaries of country, geography, culture etc cease to exist.The culture of knowledge sharing can ensure that expertise learnt and applied in one part of the organisation can be leveraged in another. The pace of change is accelerating, be it in technology, business or social. As things change our knowledge base erodes. Information becomes obsolete very soon and requires constant upgradation. Knowledge sharing comes to the rescue once again by not only conserving the knowledge base, but also upgrading the same What is the role of technology in sharing knowledge?Knowledge Management is fundamentally about people and information not technology. But there seems to be no way with which one can share knowledge effectively without using technology. This applies to small as well as large and geographically dispersed organizations. In the past it was impossible to share knowledge or work collaboratively with co-workers around the globe. But today, it is technology that has made knowledge sharing a reality. If implemented well and if people are trained in its use, knowledge sharing technology is good. Not only can you find the information and knowledge you need quickly and effectively but you can post your knowledge on the system for access by others in the organisation. Not only within the organization, web based advanced technology allows us to collaborate with anyone anywhere in the world to achieve our objectives. However, one must keep in mind that there are many pitfalls to the effective use of technology. Too much information, from a variety of sources, whether reliable or not leads to knowledge overflow. One must be able to use it diligently and carefully.Inculcating Innovation through Knowledge Sharing There are various opportunities provided to employees which enable them to come out with creative approaches and innovative ideas and share the same at an organizational platform. One such initiative was a contest to generate implementable innovative ideas in product/services, enhancements, process, and technology or in any other area that can lead to deliverable results. The best ideas were rewarded and suggested features/enhancements etc were implemented. This had a motivating effect on employees and ensured that they egularly come up with such solutions, thus keeping up the knowledge sharing culture.Such campaigns also lead to increased bonding motivation among the employees and encourage them to keep themselves updated, alert and conscious of various aspects of increasing efficiency effectiveness Open communication, exchange of dialogue, transparency in dealings, various formal and informal meetings, open house forums etc have inculcated the spirit of knowledge sharing within our organization. Thus the employees feel confident and motivated to contribute towards the growth of the organization. How to cite Knowledge Sharing, Papers

Viral Envelope Virus

Question: Write an essay on Viral Envelope Glycoprotein Studies? Answer: Human emerging virus With the rapidly changing environment and climate and changed human demographics viruses are emerging rapidly with more adapting capabilities. It is helping them to infect human population in harsh condition. New strains and pseudotypes of viruses are emerging for occupying expanded ecological niches, thereby producing different disease syndromes in different parts of world, where these viruses are penetrating populations as novel virus. As a result vaccination cannot be possible. Emergent viruses are the viruses which gain the capacity to form new disease causing or pathogenic strain with facilitating pathogenicity in a new niche. Many new viruses are also causing infection, for example Ebola virus, which has been emerged after 2010 (Brault 2007). It is the single member found in the species Zaire ebolavirus, genus Ebolavirus and family Filoviridae. The virus has a negative-sense RNA genome within the tubular viral envelop and their viral envelop is covered with matrix and nucleocap sid components. In different news, it has been revealed that, genetic mutations in Ebola virus strains creating escape variants, which is blocking the ability of antibody-based treatments of Ebola virus infection (Eurekalert.org 2016). These escape variants which were rescue of the mutated viruses were isolated during treatment with cocktail antibodies (Eurekalert.org 2016). These new emerged rescue strains were sequenced and two clusters of changes had progressed with permanent change in genome without disrupting the major viral functions along with the ability to cause infection. The neutralization reaction identified that, these mutated strains were using control replication. Therefore, selection of different target domains while making therapeutic cocktails is important for minimizing viral escape (Holmes 2013). Corona viruses belong to two subfamilies including Coronavirinae and Torovirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, in the order Nidovirales. Under electron microscope the virus is seen to be with a fringe of large, bulbos surface projections, which creates an image of royal crown. These viral projections known as viral spikes determine the host tropism. It consists of a positive single-stranded RNA genome within a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry (Holmes 2013). This virus causes SARS with infection in upper and lower respiratory tract of human. There are five different corona virus strains. Three corona virus species found co-circulating in Camels in Saudi Arabia. After the SARS outbreaks, virologists has been reviewed their interest in corona virus. Till 2000s, only the two strains HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 were known for corona virus. A third stain was discovered, SARS-CoV, which infects human. After 2004, three research labs reported the fourth human corona virus independently, as NL63, NL and New Haven corona virus. In early 2005, fifth human infecting strain was discovered in patients suffering from pneumonia and named Human corona virus HKU1 (Liu et al. 2011). In September 2012, the novel sixth strain was identified, which is officially now known as the Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV). This strain of corona virus promotes severe respiratory infection with shock, acute kidney injury and coagulopathy. Recent studies have been identified MERS-CoV infection associated with neurologic symptoms including altered level of consciousness along with coma, ataxia and focal motor deficit. Bilateral hyperintense lesions on the white matter and subcortical areas of frontal, temporal, parietal lobes, basal ganglia and corpus callosum were identified with gadolinium enhancement (Eurekalert.org 2016). Therefore, besides the acute respiratory syndromes, CNS involvement should be considered with better extent and this area needs more research. Viral glycoproteins The Ebola virus (EBOV) contains glycoprotein, which are important for - its attachment and entry into the host organism. It has been revealed that, Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) is the only viral protein, which is found in a mature Ebola virion; it indicates that, this protein is important for the attachment of the viral particle to the host during entry (Eurekalert.org 2016). However, expression of GP includes dramatic morphological changes within cells which include cell rounding and detachment. It can be identified as the cytopathological changes in the Ebola virus affected cells. Joseph (2010) focused on the mucin domain, which is the highly glycosylated domains in the Ebola GP protein. The study focused on the mechanisms of cytopathological changes created by the viral GP within the affected cells. The cell-biological approaches revealed that, the mucin domain forms a glycan shield on the plasma membrane, which disrupt the function of host proteins, which are in the vicinity of the viral GP. It also revealed that, the GP-mediated shielding of the MHCI complex at the host cell surface does not provide stimuli for the activation of the CD 8+ T cells (Brault 2007). In addition, it was also found that, GP of Ebola virus shielded its own epitopes by steric hindrance at the cell surface, thereby blocks the antigen binding on these epitopes. Finally, the novel way of evading host defence was discovered in this study (Dolnik et al. 2004). In the case of Corona virus glycoprotein, it is known as the S glycoprotein. This glycoprotein project from the nucleocapsid as viral projections or spikes. This glycoprotein spikes are type I glycoprotein. This glycoprotein is the main target of vaccines against corona virus-related respiratory tract disease. The corona virus spike glycoprotein has major roles in tissue tropism determination, cell-to-cell spread and viral entry (Moore et al. 2004). Additionally, the HE glycoproteins are the second type of smaller spikes, which are found on type II corona virus, which shows the hemagglutinating and esterase activities, it also show similarity with the influenza C viruss hemaglutinin-esterase fusion protein. The emergence of novel strains of the virus enhanced the potential of the vaccine development with more innovation. The pandemic in 2003 for SARS-CoV reinforced virologists to focus on this virus-related vaccination (Wright et al. 2008). A group of scientist developed the recombin ant SARS virus-like particles (VLP) vaccine. This vaccine was created by combining the SARS spike (S) glycoprotein and the influenza M1 proteins, which was expressed in the baculovirus insect cell expression system (Perera et al. 2013). These chimeric SARS VLPs have the similar sized morphology like the wild type glycoprotein. With the help of mouse lethal challenge model the SARS VLP vaccines immunogenicity and protective efficacy were measured. The result showed complete protection of mice from death. SARS-CoV VLPs are highly immunogenic and induce the production of neutralizing antibodies, thereby providing protection against lethal challenge (Voynov and Caravella 2012). Pseudotyped viruses The psedotyped viruses are the resultant viral particles after viral pseudotyping. These viruses are mainly related to the production of viral vectors. The pseudotyping is the method for production of viral vectors or recombinant viruses. In this process the wild type viruses or viral parts are combined with the foreign envelop proteins. In these pseudotyped virus particles, the foreign viral particles are used for altering host tropism. It enhances or reduces the stability of the viral particles (Brault 2007). In addition, the pseudotyped particles do not carry genetic materials, so cannot spread infection or produce the recombinant viral envelop proteins in the successive generations. Therefore, the phenotypic changes carried to the next generations. The pseudotyped viral vectors are used for identification of viral entry and used in antibody production against the viral antigens. A study revealed that infection of receptor-bearing cells is mediated by the spike (S) glycoprotein of the coronas viruses (Struck et al. 2012). Pseudotyping helps to determine attachment sites. It has revealed in the studies that, the receptors are specified and shows angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activities. Struck et al. (2012) showed that, pseudotyped viral particles with the combination of SIV and murine leukemia virus along with SARS-CoV S glycoprotein are efficient to infect the HEK293T cells, which expresses ACE2 enzyme in a stable manner. Here the pseudotyping helped to reveal that, in the recombinant viral particle, the entry of the viral particle is mediated by the S-glycoprotein of the SARS-CoV virus, whose entire cytoplasmic domain was truncated and altered with the HIV typer 1 envelop glycoprotein (Weiss and Navas-Martin 2005). Therefore, by the help of S-protein-pseudotypes SIV, it was revealed in this study that, the enzymatic activity of ACE2 has no contribution in the infection mediated by S-glycoprotein of SARS-CoV. In addition, it was shown that, catalyt ically inactive ACE2 enzyme blocks the infection by S-protein-SIV and wildtype SARS-CoV. Therefore, the pseudotyping can be used in therapeutic intervention of viral infection. Reference List Brault, A. (2007). Emerging Viruses in Human Populations. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 13(12), pp.1972-1973. Dolnik, O., Volchkova, V., Garten, W., Carbonnelle, C., Becker, S., Kahnt, J., Straher, U., Klenk, H. and Volchkov, V. (2004). Ectodomain shedding of the glycoprotein GP of Ebola virus. EMBO J, 23(10), pp.2175-2184. Eurekalert.org, (2016). EurekAlert! Science News. [online] Available at: https://www.eurekalert.org/ [Accessed 7 Jan. 2016]. Holmes, E. (2013). What can we predict about viral evolution and emergence?. Current Opinion in Virology, 3(2), pp.180-184. Joseph R., F. (2010). A study of the Ebola virus glycoprotein: Disruption of host surface protein function and evasion of immune responses. [online] Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1295context=edissertations [Accessed 7 Jan. 2016]. Liu, Y., Massare, M., Barnard, D., Kort, T., Nathan, M., Wang, L. and Smith, G. (2011). Chimeric severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) S glycoprotein and influenza matrix 1 efficiently form virus-like particles (VLPs) that protect mice against challenge with SARS-CoV. Vaccine, 29(38), pp.6606-6613. Moore, M., Dorfman, T., Li, W., Wong, S., Li, Y., Kuhn, J., Coderre, J., Vasilieva, N., Han, Z., Greenough, T., Farzan, M. and Choe, H. (2004). Retroviruses Pseudotyped with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Efficiently Infect Cells Expressing Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2. Journal of Virology, 78(19), pp.10628-10635. Perera, R., Wang, P., Gomaa, M., El-Shesheny, R., Kandeil, A., Bagato, O., Siu, L., Shehata, M., Kayed, A., Moatasim, Y., Li, M., Poon, L., Guan, Y., Webby, R., Ali, M., Peiris, J. and Kayali, G. (2013). Seroepidemiology for MERS coronavirus using microneutralisation and pseudoparticle virus neutralisation assays reveal a high prevalence of antibody in dromedary camels in Egypt, June 2013. Eurosurveillance, 18(36), p.20574. Struck, A., Axmann, M., Pfefferle, S., Drosten, C. and Meyer, B. (2012). A hexapeptide of the receptor-binding domain of SARS corona virus spike protein blocks viral entry into host cells via the human receptor ACE2. Antiviral Research, 94(3), pp.288-296. Voynov, V. and Caravella, J. (2012). Therapeutic proteins. New York: Humana Press. Weiss, S. and Navas-Martin, S. (2005). Coronavirus Pathogenesis and the Emerging Pathogen Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 69(4), pp.635-664. Wright, E., Temperton, N., Marston, D., McElhinney, L., Fooks, A. and Weiss, R. (2008). Investigating antibody neutralization of lyssaviruses using lentiviral pseudotypes: a cross-species comparison. Journal of General Virology, 89(9), pp.2204-2213.

Soren Kierkegaard’s Repetition free essay sample

Human existence is highly religious because man, with all his powers, cannot master or control himself and the world around him. * Kierkegaard maintains that since repetition is highly religious, recollection is psychological. Hence, for him, recollection is to treat life from the pagan point of view. * â€Å"Recollection is the pagan life-view, repetition is the modern life-view; repetition is the interest of metaphysics.. Repetition is the solution contained in every ethical view†. Since repetition is also ethical, it is marvelous, and it must come about in the ways of the absurd. Western Metaphysics is a Recollection * Western metaphysics is said to be purely recollection. In fact, Plato attempted to explain knowledge through anamnesis, a process of remembering the past. * Kierkegaard said, â€Å"A Greek would prefer to recollect, unless his conscience were to frighten him; and modern philosophy makes no movement generally it only makes a fuss and what movement it makes is always within immanence, whereas repetition is always transcendence. We will write a custom essay sample on Soren Kierkegaard’s Repetition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †. Misuse of Language * Kierkegaard resists language because for him, it is a wretched human invention. He said: â€Å"What a wretched invention human language is. It says one thing and means another! † * Using one’s name to tell something is not a philosophical stand for Kierkegaard; it is a characteristic of a recollecting person. Chapter 19: Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s â€Å"Yogi and the proletarian† Brief Biography * Maurice Merleau-Ponty was born on March 14, 1908. * He studied philosophy at the Ecole Normale Superieure and graduated in 1930 * He served in the French military during World War II. * He became one of the foremost French philosophers. Like his father, he was associated with the existentialist school but he denied his connection with existentialism because his ideas were not so much on freedom, anguish, responsibility, and death * He also served as a political editor for the Les Temps Modernes from October 1945 until he died of a stroke. General Philosophy * Merlaeau-Ponty asserts the significance of humanism as a lived experience. Perception, for him, is not causal product of different sensations; rather, it is an active dimension as it is a perception to the life of the world. Thus, he adopts Husserl’s slogan, â€Å"All consciousness is consciousness of something. † * In the Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty says that while art captures man’s individual perception, science, on the other hand, neglects to explain the depth it seeks to analyze. * For him, science is individualistic because it does not talk about human subjectivity; instead it only talks about positivism or objective facts. â€Å"Yogi and the Proletarian† * The problem Merleau-ponty addresses in his essay, â€Å"The Yogi and the Proletarian,† is the tension between ideology and its application by the proletarian. There is a tension between the two because the misuse of ideology, to a certain extent, has led to terror. * Historically, it is also a tension between the poor and the rich. Merleau-Ponty said, â€Å"The revolution of 1893 is terror because it is abstract, and it attempts to pass immediately from principles to the forced application of those principles. † A revolution must come, according to Merleau-Ponty, from the movement of history and not from the so-called committee of public safety. Two solutions for an abstract revolution: * Let the revolution mature and support it; and Depend not on the decisions of a committee of public safety but on a movement of history. Revolution and Terror * The start of terror was attributed to the decline of proletarian humanism. Merleau-Ponty establishes his point by setting Trotsky as his model. * Trotsky was involved with Marx’s proletarian philosophy, which stressed grounded history as the history. This kind of philosophy is grounde d on the history of the masses. It is a historical reality, because the people below are exploited in this new order of philosophy. This proletarian philosophy roused many intellectuals in Europe during the ripe days of facism. However, this new mode of thinking was challenged when World War II erupted. The historic mission of the Proletariat * The Marxist conception of history asserts that â€Å"economic history will become stable only through the collective appropriation of nature at the hands of the proletariat. From this perspective, it is the proletariat which given a historical mission, and its struggle becomes of major importance. † * In creating a humanity that is historically grounded, the world has to adopt the proletarian philosophy, which is certainly against the society designed by the scholars, saints, princes, and government officials. Could we develop a philosophy that could bind the prince and the pauper to work for common interest? * The historical mission of proletariat is, Merleau-Ponty, to gain a wise balance power because giving them their role to create themselves means reciprocity. Yogi and Humanism * This is a situation where reciprocity is impossible the proletariat is not considered in terms of his/her capacity to determine and to situate himself/herself in the world, which, according to Merleau-Ponty, is more vital than the product of his/her physical powers. The yogi and the proletarian have a common mission: Making humanity real—a kind of humanity that is felt and expressed freely in the world contrary to the Cartesian notion of indubitable truth, which is only good in understanding and condemning, but not in making moral judgements. Chapter 17: The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche Brief Biography Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the town of Rocken, province of Saxony, Germ any. His father, Carl Ludwig, was a Lutheran pastor and teacher. His Mother was Francisca Oehler. Nietzsche was a poet. He is known to have contributed the idea, â€Å"God is dead. † He also distinguished the master and slave moralities, according to which, there is celebration of life on the one hand and so much suffering on the other. The most recurring theme in his philosophy is the will of power. This implies the power of human behavior to survive at all costs. On August 25, 1900, Nietzsche contracted pneumonia. When he died, his sister buried him beside their father in Rocken. Nietzsche’s works include: 1) The Birth of Tragedy (1872) 2) Thus Spoke Zaranthustra (1885) 3) The Will to Power (1883-1889) 4) Beyond Good and Evil ( 1886) ) On the Genealogy of Morals (1887) 6) The Case of Wagner (1887) 7) Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist (1888) 8) Ecce Homo (1888) The Birth of Tragedy * The Birth of Tragedy (1887-1888) is Nietzsche’s first book, which talked about science from the viewpoint of the artist. * For Nietzsche, art, which rest upon the Greek culture, was the definitio n of human existence. * His admiration for music was emphasized. * The literature influenced Nietzsche’s philosophy since he admired Greek culture, especially how well they translated the tragedy of human existence into drama and music. The Birth of Tragedy is a question of the famous contrast of the so-called Apollonian and Dionysian spirits. What distinguishes the two is that the Dionysian spirit desires the original oneness while the Apollonian desires the individual form. Friedrich Nietzsche and Richard Wagner Richard Wagner and Arthur Schopenhauer played a vital role in Nietzsche’s life. * Wagner initiated Nietzsche into the mysteries of art and life. * Schopenhauer initiated him into the school of Superman and Overman. Chapter 18: Martin Heidegger’s Politics and Ideology * Brief Biography Full name:Martin Heidegger Born:September 26, 1889 Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany School:University of Freiburg (1909-1911) Studied: Theology Completed Doctoral Degree on Psychologism (1914) Studied: Philosophy * He served as a soldier during World War I. * He was chosen to hold an office of extraordinary professorship in 1923 in University of Marburg. * He retired in 1982 and stayed at the University of Freiburg for the rest of his life. * He died on My 26, 1976 at the age of 86. * Political Influences * The Nazi dictatorship culminated when Adolf Hitler suspended all civil liberalities when a building named â€Å"Reichstag† was bombed on February 27, 1933. Hitler rashly suspected the communists for the bombing. Several communist were arrested and placed in concentration camps. Hitler became very strong because he acquired all powers including those of the law-making body. * Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl * Husserl worked out his philosophy in the context of phenomenology which emphasizes the importance of human existence as lived in day-to-day context. * The relationship of the two was damaged by controversies and ideological issues. * The eventual breakup of their friendship terminated on May 1, 1933 when Heidegger joined the National Socialist Movement. Martin Heidegger and Nazism * Nazism, the common short form name of  National Socialism (German:  Nationalsozialismus) was the  belief  and practice of the  National Socialist German Workers Party  (otherwise known as the Nazi Party). * The relation between the philosopher  Martin Heidegger  and the  Nazi Party  is a controversial subject. * Martin Heidegger joined the  Nazi Party  on May 1, 1933, nearly three weeks after being appointed Rector of the  University of Freiburg. Heidegger resigned the rectorship about one year later, in April 1934, but remained a member of the Party until the end of  World War II. His first act as Rector was to eliminate all democratic structures, including those that had elected him Rector. There were  book burnings  on his campus, some of which he successfully stopped, as well as some student violenc e. * People, Mission, Destiny: An Ideology * Heidegger’s political ideology is taken in the perspective of history within which he was active. Common in all his speeches were the terms: * Volk (people) – Believe that should be collected into one that would be in control of the destiny. * Aufrag (mission) – The German community in the midst of a struggle * Schicksal (destiny) Fate The ground of this was the so-called Volksgemeinschaft (people’s community). * People and Growth * Volk was considered an organism: an organic whole evolving in time. * The idea about people was regarded to be a competition: the weaker ones gave way to the stronger ones. This was an affirmation of Darwinism which claimed that the evolution is ascending. * Ascension means a change for the best and takes place as nature develops. * According to Kant, â€Å"A maxim is a rule. Everything in nature happens according to rules (called the laws of nature). * The German Spiritual Regeneration As Germans ascended, nations in Europe, particularly France and England, declined, they were overthrown. So it was natural then that the German race became influential and strong. Hence racism became the core of the social structure. * Heidegger’s political ideology of the Germans finding their own identity was ful filled through spiritual regeneration called an inner change * The Nature Of Inner Collection * Innerlichkeit (inner collection) – a change of thinking and behaving the Volk should be involved in it. * Heidegger’s ideology aims to rediscover the historical destiny of Germany. Spiritual leadership starts with the self; it is inward rather the outward. The opposite is taught by the British and the Americans. * The Role of The School in Inner Collection * It is in the school that the Volk imbibe the true essence of history and destiny. * Heidegger believes that everything can be possible if people are conditioned first in school. * The beginning of the task starts in it, as the university is the home of spirituality. * The task begins with teaching future leaders, â€Å"den Fuhrer zu Fuhren† (to lead the leader). * The Platonic Leadership For Plato, leadership must emanate from the philosopher-king or the wise and properly educated. * Education is not a mere end but a means toward a further end. * For Heidegger, it is not knowledge that administers what is supposed to be for the community of the people. The leadership of the people also starts with the leaders or the scholars of a university. As leaders of a university, they must be able to maintain academic and managerial powers to unite the fragmented departments. * For Heidegger, the society should use Platonic leadership. People should be led not by the mere power of the leader or the iron of his fist, but by forms and the authentic grounding of being. * * The English and German Ways * Many ideologues have commented that England and America give more importance to private interests. Germany would rather work as a people or as a nation. * Private interest is subordinated by the will of the community as a whole. * This contrasting English and German ways allow the world to know that the former are traders while the latter are heroes. The German way of life is a package of self-sacrifice and endurance, duty of the nation, and defense of it as a community. * Self-Sacrifice: The German Spiritual Mission * Heidegger wanted nothing of the German life but dedication and self-sacrifice, qualities he kept on repeating so that the German spiritual mission would emerge. * For him, it is clear that the true meaning of life is in making a sacrifice for the community rather than for the self. * Satisfaction can be a chieved in one’s life for the community. Only then can the world find its direction to the vision of Being. Technology and Nihilism * Nihilism   An extreme form of scepticism that denies all existence. A doctrine holding that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. * Heidegger became an anti-modernist. He strongly argued that industrial technology brings nihilism to the world. * Many considered technology as a project not only of the will of the person but also his intelligence. * However, Catholic universities during that time made a policy for the university leaders to take an oath against modernism. He was one of the victims of this policy. His breakup from Catholic philosophy plays a major role in directing the course of mankind’s history. The so –called loss of faith of Heidegger’s part was due to the papal belief that all aspects of man’s life have to be controlled by the church, one he thought to be absurd. * Volkisch Totalitarianism * Volkisch Totalitarianism – Another term for Heidegger’s ideology Require s a total subjection of the people It is humane and is more likely uphold the integrity of the individual * For the people, it means leading their activities for the welfare of their own community. It means working together for the common good.

animals essays

animals essays Everything startde in 1969; Members were part of the Dont make a wave committee in vancouver. This committee was founded by Jim Bohlen. He was a forty-three year old American and was a composite-materials researcher. Another founder of the committee was Irving Stowe; he was a Philadelphia lawyer. A jew who had joined the Quaker religion. Paul Cote, a canadian lawyer in his mid twenties who had just gotten out of shool when he joined the committee. During this year, the United States had chosen to test its nuclear arsenal in Amchtka, which is a small island off the west cost of alaska. This was a home for many animals including eagles, falcons, endangered sea otters,etc... These three men decided to produce means to end nuclear testing in Amchitka.Next they decided to sail a boat theyd name it Greenpeace because they wanted the earth to be green and yhey wanted peace. It was Bill Darnell who came upwith that name. Suddenly, more peaple joined the commitee to stop nuclear testing in Amchitka, including Terry Simmons, a cultural geographer. Bohlen and Stowe were attracting journalist, columnist, writer, anyone who had somthing to do in the media. It took them two years to get them ready for their journey towards justice for a land. Bohlen and cote were in charge of fiding a boat. Meanwhile, Stowe took care of fiding the money. He used contacts from the United States; he was a very serious man and did everything possible to get the money they needed, he even organized a benefit concert which made seventeen thousand dollars. The first boat they found Phylis Cormack was first seen as old and used that wasnt going to be capable of sailing to Amchitka, so they werent sure of using this boat; it would carry twelve crew members and the trip would last six weeks. During this year the Dont Make a Wave committee changed their ...

Definition and Examples of Prepositional Phrases

Definition and Examples of Prepositional Phrases In English grammar, a  prepositional phrase is a group of words made up of a preposition (such as to, with, or across), its object (a noun or pronoun), and any of the objects modifiers (an article and/or an adjective). It is only a portion of a sentence and cannot stand on its own as a complete thought. Prepositional phrases often tell where something happened, when it happened, or specify which one. Because of these functions, theyre often essential to understanding a sentence. Key Takeaways: Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases are groups of words starting with a preposition.Prepositional phrases often function as modifiers, describing nouns and verbs.Phrases cant stand alone. A prepositional phrase wont contain the subject of a sentence. Types of Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases can modify nouns, verbs, phrases, and complete clauses. Prepositional phrases can also be embedded inside other prepositional phrases. Modifying Nouns: Adjectival Phrases When something modifies a noun or pronoun, its an adjective, so when a phrase does it, its an adjectival phrase. These types of phrases often specify which person or thing (what kind, whose). In context, they make clear a distinction between several possibilities. Sheila is the runner with the fastest time. Its likely there are other runners who are slower, as the sentence is specifying who is the fastest. The phrase is modifying (describing) the noun runner. Adjectival phrases come directly after the noun they modify. The boy with her is her son. The phrase with her is specifying a certain boy; its an adjectival phrase. There could be other boys, but the one with her is the one thats being described. The boy is a noun phrase, so the prepositional phrase is an adjective. If we want to make the boy even more specific, wed further qualify it with an embedded phrase. The boy with her on the tricycle is her son. Presumably, theres a boy with her thats not her son, so the sentence is specifying which boy with her is her son. Modifying Verbs: Adverbial Phrases Adverbs modify verbs, and sometimes the adverb is an entire adverbial phrase. These phrases often describe when, where, why, or how something happened or to what extent. This course is the most difficult in the state. The prepositional phrase specifies where. There might be other courses that are more difficult in other states, but this one is the most difficult here. Lets say its just one difficult course of several in the state, i.e., This course is among the most difficult in the state. The among phrase is an adjectival phrase modifying (describing) the course, and the final phrase remains adverbial, still telling where. She ran the marathon with pride on Saturday. The first prepositional phrase specifies how she ran (a verb), and the second specifies when. Both are adverbial phrases. List of Prepositions Here are some of the most commonly used prepositions in English. Be aware that just because a word in a sentence is on this list doesnt mean that its being used as a preposition in any particular context. Many of these words can also be other parts of speech, such as adverbs or subordinating conjunctions.   aboutbehindexceptoutsideabovebelowforoveracrossbeneathfrompastafterbesideinthroughagainstbetweeninsidetoalongbeyondintounderamongbynearuntilarounddespiteofupatdownoffwithbeforeduringonwithout   Preposition, Conjunction, or Adverb? To tell if a word is a preposition, look to see if it has an object. If theres a clause following it, youre likely dealing with a conjunction. If its at the end of a clause instead of the beginning (or the end of a sentence), its likely an adverb. After In this example, there is no object following after, and the word introduces a clause, so its clear that after is a conjunction: After we ate, we went to the theater.In this example, there is an object following after, which means it is used as a preposition: After lunch, we went to the game. Before In this example, there is an object following before, which means it is used as a preposition: Youve put the cart before the horse.In this example, there is no object following before; it is being used as an adverb: Ive heard that somewhere before.In this example, there is no object following before and the word introduces a clause, so its clear that before is a conjunction: Come over before you leave. Out In this example, there is an object following out, which means it is used as a preposition:  The cat followed the child out the door.In this example, there is no object following out; it is being used as an adverb:  Would you like to go out for lunch? When these words are part of a verb phrase, theyre adverbs. You check out, look up, and call off something, so these words might appear to be prepositions with objects. But they cant be split off from their verbs. He checked out the book. Out the book is not a prepositional phrase, as you dont go out a book. Examining Your Writing If your writing often contains really long sentences, look at prepositional phrases as a place to cut the chaff or reorganize when revising. Too many of them in a sentence can make it difficult to understand if the sentence gets over 25–30 words or so, depending on how far apart the subject is from its verb. This issue can often be fixed by splitting a long sentence into two or three shorter sentences or moving the verb closer to its subject.

Rhetorical Analysis on a speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rhetorical Analysis on a speech - Essay Example During the federal election in November, Anthony was able to convince the election staff in Rochester, New York to let her and a number of her female friends to register so that they can participate in the electoral exercise. The premise of their argument is that their group of women wanted to claim their right in the said election because it is expressed in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, which supposedly takes precedence over the statute barring women to vote under the Constitution of New York. Four days after she casted her vote, Anthony was incarcerated and let out only after paying $1000 bail. And so triggered the important oratorical piece, â€Å"Is It a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?†, she would deliver that would contribute its part to the women’s suffrage movement then and later on. The Rhetoric The speech, as previously stated, is an excellent rhetorical piece. It can be classified as such because it was ve ry successful in impressing its audience by appealing to emotions, effectively driving them to action, to take the side of the speaker or change point of views. These are made more significant by the fact that the speech is a composed of a meager 538 words. Anthony took the podium, defending her actions during the elections, stressing that what she did is an assertion of her rights, which should be equal to any of the American citizens regardless of sex and ethnicity. She explained her position eloquently, citing the laws of men and the natural law, craftily steering the discourse on the issue of personhood – of whether women are persons as well. The idea is quite clever since the suggestion of the opposite would make women not persons, effectively relegating the side she was criticizing as unjust, to the point of barbarism so as to consider the female sex incomplete or not entirely human. To demonstrate the efficacy of the persuasive capability of the speech, I would outline three important elements present in Anthony’s persuasive speech – loosely based on the Aristotelian conception of what makes an effective rhetoric. First point is the fact that Anthony’s speech presented strong arguments. As with any form of persuasive text, it has sufficiently outlined several facts and verifiable information that supported each points made. For example, Anthony claimed that the right to vote is applicable to women as much as it covers men. She used excerpts from the American Constitution – a very credible resource that rightfully superseded all legal documents in the US. She was emphatic about the â€Å"we† and â€Å"citizen† words as expressed in the preamble of the Constitution as well as the in opinions of the legal luminaries of her time such as Webster, Worcester and Bouvier. Anthony was able to effectively draft a logical and natural argumentation as if women-voting is the most natural thing in the world and that to deny them such opportunity is like an aberration that could offend the lord Almighty, himself. Anthony, ended her speech with a question: whether women are persons, too. The answer is her most powerful argument, banking on the commonsensical answer that they are, indeed. And so what is the specific reason why women are to be denied the right of other persons –