Soren Kierkegaard’s Repetition free essay sample

Human existence is highly religious because man, with all his powers, cannot master or control himself and the world around him. * Kierkegaard maintains that since repetition is highly religious, recollection is psychological. Hence, for him, recollection is to treat life from the pagan point of view. * â€Å"Recollection is the pagan life-view, repetition is the modern life-view; repetition is the interest of metaphysics.. Repetition is the solution contained in every ethical view†. Since repetition is also ethical, it is marvelous, and it must come about in the ways of the absurd. Western Metaphysics is a Recollection * Western metaphysics is said to be purely recollection. In fact, Plato attempted to explain knowledge through anamnesis, a process of remembering the past. * Kierkegaard said, â€Å"A Greek would prefer to recollect, unless his conscience were to frighten him; and modern philosophy makes no movement generally it only makes a fuss and what movement it makes is always within immanence, whereas repetition is always transcendence. We will write a custom essay sample on Soren Kierkegaard’s Repetition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †. Misuse of Language * Kierkegaard resists language because for him, it is a wretched human invention. He said: â€Å"What a wretched invention human language is. It says one thing and means another! † * Using one’s name to tell something is not a philosophical stand for Kierkegaard; it is a characteristic of a recollecting person. Chapter 19: Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s â€Å"Yogi and the proletarian† Brief Biography * Maurice Merleau-Ponty was born on March 14, 1908. * He studied philosophy at the Ecole Normale Superieure and graduated in 1930 * He served in the French military during World War II. * He became one of the foremost French philosophers. Like his father, he was associated with the existentialist school but he denied his connection with existentialism because his ideas were not so much on freedom, anguish, responsibility, and death * He also served as a political editor for the Les Temps Modernes from October 1945 until he died of a stroke. General Philosophy * Merlaeau-Ponty asserts the significance of humanism as a lived experience. Perception, for him, is not causal product of different sensations; rather, it is an active dimension as it is a perception to the life of the world. Thus, he adopts Husserl’s slogan, â€Å"All consciousness is consciousness of something. † * In the Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty says that while art captures man’s individual perception, science, on the other hand, neglects to explain the depth it seeks to analyze. * For him, science is individualistic because it does not talk about human subjectivity; instead it only talks about positivism or objective facts. â€Å"Yogi and the Proletarian† * The problem Merleau-ponty addresses in his essay, â€Å"The Yogi and the Proletarian,† is the tension between ideology and its application by the proletarian. There is a tension between the two because the misuse of ideology, to a certain extent, has led to terror. * Historically, it is also a tension between the poor and the rich. Merleau-Ponty said, â€Å"The revolution of 1893 is terror because it is abstract, and it attempts to pass immediately from principles to the forced application of those principles. † A revolution must come, according to Merleau-Ponty, from the movement of history and not from the so-called committee of public safety. Two solutions for an abstract revolution: * Let the revolution mature and support it; and Depend not on the decisions of a committee of public safety but on a movement of history. Revolution and Terror * The start of terror was attributed to the decline of proletarian humanism. Merleau-Ponty establishes his point by setting Trotsky as his model. * Trotsky was involved with Marx’s proletarian philosophy, which stressed grounded history as the history. This kind of philosophy is grounde d on the history of the masses. It is a historical reality, because the people below are exploited in this new order of philosophy. This proletarian philosophy roused many intellectuals in Europe during the ripe days of facism. However, this new mode of thinking was challenged when World War II erupted. The historic mission of the Proletariat * The Marxist conception of history asserts that â€Å"economic history will become stable only through the collective appropriation of nature at the hands of the proletariat. From this perspective, it is the proletariat which given a historical mission, and its struggle becomes of major importance. † * In creating a humanity that is historically grounded, the world has to adopt the proletarian philosophy, which is certainly against the society designed by the scholars, saints, princes, and government officials. Could we develop a philosophy that could bind the prince and the pauper to work for common interest? * The historical mission of proletariat is, Merleau-Ponty, to gain a wise balance power because giving them their role to create themselves means reciprocity. Yogi and Humanism * This is a situation where reciprocity is impossible the proletariat is not considered in terms of his/her capacity to determine and to situate himself/herself in the world, which, according to Merleau-Ponty, is more vital than the product of his/her physical powers. The yogi and the proletarian have a common mission: Making humanity real—a kind of humanity that is felt and expressed freely in the world contrary to the Cartesian notion of indubitable truth, which is only good in understanding and condemning, but not in making moral judgements. Chapter 17: The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche Brief Biography Friedrich Nietzsche was born on October 15, 1844 in the town of Rocken, province of Saxony, Germ any. His father, Carl Ludwig, was a Lutheran pastor and teacher. His Mother was Francisca Oehler. Nietzsche was a poet. He is known to have contributed the idea, â€Å"God is dead. † He also distinguished the master and slave moralities, according to which, there is celebration of life on the one hand and so much suffering on the other. The most recurring theme in his philosophy is the will of power. This implies the power of human behavior to survive at all costs. On August 25, 1900, Nietzsche contracted pneumonia. When he died, his sister buried him beside their father in Rocken. Nietzsche’s works include: 1) The Birth of Tragedy (1872) 2) Thus Spoke Zaranthustra (1885) 3) The Will to Power (1883-1889) 4) Beyond Good and Evil ( 1886) ) On the Genealogy of Morals (1887) 6) The Case of Wagner (1887) 7) Twilight of the Idols, The Antichrist (1888) 8) Ecce Homo (1888) The Birth of Tragedy * The Birth of Tragedy (1887-1888) is Nietzsche’s first book, which talked about science from the viewpoint of the artist. * For Nietzsche, art, which rest upon the Greek culture, was the definitio n of human existence. * His admiration for music was emphasized. * The literature influenced Nietzsche’s philosophy since he admired Greek culture, especially how well they translated the tragedy of human existence into drama and music. The Birth of Tragedy is a question of the famous contrast of the so-called Apollonian and Dionysian spirits. What distinguishes the two is that the Dionysian spirit desires the original oneness while the Apollonian desires the individual form. Friedrich Nietzsche and Richard Wagner Richard Wagner and Arthur Schopenhauer played a vital role in Nietzsche’s life. * Wagner initiated Nietzsche into the mysteries of art and life. * Schopenhauer initiated him into the school of Superman and Overman. Chapter 18: Martin Heidegger’s Politics and Ideology * Brief Biography Full name:Martin Heidegger Born:September 26, 1889 Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany School:University of Freiburg (1909-1911) Studied: Theology Completed Doctoral Degree on Psychologism (1914) Studied: Philosophy * He served as a soldier during World War I. * He was chosen to hold an office of extraordinary professorship in 1923 in University of Marburg. * He retired in 1982 and stayed at the University of Freiburg for the rest of his life. * He died on My 26, 1976 at the age of 86. * Political Influences * The Nazi dictatorship culminated when Adolf Hitler suspended all civil liberalities when a building named â€Å"Reichstag† was bombed on February 27, 1933. Hitler rashly suspected the communists for the bombing. Several communist were arrested and placed in concentration camps. Hitler became very strong because he acquired all powers including those of the law-making body. * Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl * Husserl worked out his philosophy in the context of phenomenology which emphasizes the importance of human existence as lived in day-to-day context. * The relationship of the two was damaged by controversies and ideological issues. * The eventual breakup of their friendship terminated on May 1, 1933 when Heidegger joined the National Socialist Movement. Martin Heidegger and Nazism * Nazism, the common short form name of  National Socialism (German:  Nationalsozialismus) was the  belief  and practice of the  National Socialist German Workers Party  (otherwise known as the Nazi Party). * The relation between the philosopher  Martin Heidegger  and the  Nazi Party  is a controversial subject. * Martin Heidegger joined the  Nazi Party  on May 1, 1933, nearly three weeks after being appointed Rector of the  University of Freiburg. Heidegger resigned the rectorship about one year later, in April 1934, but remained a member of the Party until the end of  World War II. His first act as Rector was to eliminate all democratic structures, including those that had elected him Rector. There were  book burnings  on his campus, some of which he successfully stopped, as well as some student violenc e. * People, Mission, Destiny: An Ideology * Heidegger’s political ideology is taken in the perspective of history within which he was active. Common in all his speeches were the terms: * Volk (people) – Believe that should be collected into one that would be in control of the destiny. * Aufrag (mission) – The German community in the midst of a struggle * Schicksal (destiny) Fate The ground of this was the so-called Volksgemeinschaft (people’s community). * People and Growth * Volk was considered an organism: an organic whole evolving in time. * The idea about people was regarded to be a competition: the weaker ones gave way to the stronger ones. This was an affirmation of Darwinism which claimed that the evolution is ascending. * Ascension means a change for the best and takes place as nature develops. * According to Kant, â€Å"A maxim is a rule. Everything in nature happens according to rules (called the laws of nature). * The German Spiritual Regeneration As Germans ascended, nations in Europe, particularly France and England, declined, they were overthrown. So it was natural then that the German race became influential and strong. Hence racism became the core of the social structure. * Heidegger’s political ideology of the Germans finding their own identity was ful filled through spiritual regeneration called an inner change * The Nature Of Inner Collection * Innerlichkeit (inner collection) – a change of thinking and behaving the Volk should be involved in it. * Heidegger’s ideology aims to rediscover the historical destiny of Germany. Spiritual leadership starts with the self; it is inward rather the outward. The opposite is taught by the British and the Americans. * The Role of The School in Inner Collection * It is in the school that the Volk imbibe the true essence of history and destiny. * Heidegger believes that everything can be possible if people are conditioned first in school. * The beginning of the task starts in it, as the university is the home of spirituality. * The task begins with teaching future leaders, â€Å"den Fuhrer zu Fuhren† (to lead the leader). * The Platonic Leadership For Plato, leadership must emanate from the philosopher-king or the wise and properly educated. * Education is not a mere end but a means toward a further end. * For Heidegger, it is not knowledge that administers what is supposed to be for the community of the people. The leadership of the people also starts with the leaders or the scholars of a university. As leaders of a university, they must be able to maintain academic and managerial powers to unite the fragmented departments. * For Heidegger, the society should use Platonic leadership. People should be led not by the mere power of the leader or the iron of his fist, but by forms and the authentic grounding of being. * * The English and German Ways * Many ideologues have commented that England and America give more importance to private interests. Germany would rather work as a people or as a nation. * Private interest is subordinated by the will of the community as a whole. * This contrasting English and German ways allow the world to know that the former are traders while the latter are heroes. The German way of life is a package of self-sacrifice and endurance, duty of the nation, and defense of it as a community. * Self-Sacrifice: The German Spiritual Mission * Heidegger wanted nothing of the German life but dedication and self-sacrifice, qualities he kept on repeating so that the German spiritual mission would emerge. * For him, it is clear that the true meaning of life is in making a sacrifice for the community rather than for the self. * Satisfaction can be a chieved in one’s life for the community. Only then can the world find its direction to the vision of Being. Technology and Nihilism * Nihilism   An extreme form of scepticism that denies all existence. A doctrine holding that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. * Heidegger became an anti-modernist. He strongly argued that industrial technology brings nihilism to the world. * Many considered technology as a project not only of the will of the person but also his intelligence. * However, Catholic universities during that time made a policy for the university leaders to take an oath against modernism. He was one of the victims of this policy. His breakup from Catholic philosophy plays a major role in directing the course of mankind’s history. The so –called loss of faith of Heidegger’s part was due to the papal belief that all aspects of man’s life have to be controlled by the church, one he thought to be absurd. * Volkisch Totalitarianism * Volkisch Totalitarianism – Another term for Heidegger’s ideology Require s a total subjection of the people It is humane and is more likely uphold the integrity of the individual * For the people, it means leading their activities for the welfare of their own community. It means working together for the common good.

animals essays

animals essays Everything startde in 1969; Members were part of the Dont make a wave committee in vancouver. This committee was founded by Jim Bohlen. He was a forty-three year old American and was a composite-materials researcher. Another founder of the committee was Irving Stowe; he was a Philadelphia lawyer. A jew who had joined the Quaker religion. Paul Cote, a canadian lawyer in his mid twenties who had just gotten out of shool when he joined the committee. During this year, the United States had chosen to test its nuclear arsenal in Amchtka, which is a small island off the west cost of alaska. This was a home for many animals including eagles, falcons, endangered sea otters,etc... These three men decided to produce means to end nuclear testing in Amchitka.Next they decided to sail a boat theyd name it Greenpeace because they wanted the earth to be green and yhey wanted peace. It was Bill Darnell who came upwith that name. Suddenly, more peaple joined the commitee to stop nuclear testing in Amchitka, including Terry Simmons, a cultural geographer. Bohlen and Stowe were attracting journalist, columnist, writer, anyone who had somthing to do in the media. It took them two years to get them ready for their journey towards justice for a land. Bohlen and cote were in charge of fiding a boat. Meanwhile, Stowe took care of fiding the money. He used contacts from the United States; he was a very serious man and did everything possible to get the money they needed, he even organized a benefit concert which made seventeen thousand dollars. The first boat they found Phylis Cormack was first seen as old and used that wasnt going to be capable of sailing to Amchitka, so they werent sure of using this boat; it would carry twelve crew members and the trip would last six weeks. During this year the Dont Make a Wave committee changed their ...

Definition and Examples of Prepositional Phrases

Definition and Examples of Prepositional Phrases In English grammar, a  prepositional phrase is a group of words made up of a preposition (such as to, with, or across), its object (a noun or pronoun), and any of the objects modifiers (an article and/or an adjective). It is only a portion of a sentence and cannot stand on its own as a complete thought. Prepositional phrases often tell where something happened, when it happened, or specify which one. Because of these functions, theyre often essential to understanding a sentence. Key Takeaways: Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases are groups of words starting with a preposition.Prepositional phrases often function as modifiers, describing nouns and verbs.Phrases cant stand alone. A prepositional phrase wont contain the subject of a sentence. Types of Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases can modify nouns, verbs, phrases, and complete clauses. Prepositional phrases can also be embedded inside other prepositional phrases. Modifying Nouns: Adjectival Phrases When something modifies a noun or pronoun, its an adjective, so when a phrase does it, its an adjectival phrase. These types of phrases often specify which person or thing (what kind, whose). In context, they make clear a distinction between several possibilities. Sheila is the runner with the fastest time. Its likely there are other runners who are slower, as the sentence is specifying who is the fastest. The phrase is modifying (describing) the noun runner. Adjectival phrases come directly after the noun they modify. The boy with her is her son. The phrase with her is specifying a certain boy; its an adjectival phrase. There could be other boys, but the one with her is the one thats being described. The boy is a noun phrase, so the prepositional phrase is an adjective. If we want to make the boy even more specific, wed further qualify it with an embedded phrase. The boy with her on the tricycle is her son. Presumably, theres a boy with her thats not her son, so the sentence is specifying which boy with her is her son. Modifying Verbs: Adverbial Phrases Adverbs modify verbs, and sometimes the adverb is an entire adverbial phrase. These phrases often describe when, where, why, or how something happened or to what extent. This course is the most difficult in the state. The prepositional phrase specifies where. There might be other courses that are more difficult in other states, but this one is the most difficult here. Lets say its just one difficult course of several in the state, i.e., This course is among the most difficult in the state. The among phrase is an adjectival phrase modifying (describing) the course, and the final phrase remains adverbial, still telling where. She ran the marathon with pride on Saturday. The first prepositional phrase specifies how she ran (a verb), and the second specifies when. Both are adverbial phrases. List of Prepositions Here are some of the most commonly used prepositions in English. Be aware that just because a word in a sentence is on this list doesnt mean that its being used as a preposition in any particular context. Many of these words can also be other parts of speech, such as adverbs or subordinating conjunctions.   aboutbehindexceptoutsideabovebelowforoveracrossbeneathfrompastafterbesideinthroughagainstbetweeninsidetoalongbeyondintounderamongbynearuntilarounddespiteofupatdownoffwithbeforeduringonwithout   Preposition, Conjunction, or Adverb? To tell if a word is a preposition, look to see if it has an object. If theres a clause following it, youre likely dealing with a conjunction. If its at the end of a clause instead of the beginning (or the end of a sentence), its likely an adverb. After In this example, there is no object following after, and the word introduces a clause, so its clear that after is a conjunction: After we ate, we went to the theater.In this example, there is an object following after, which means it is used as a preposition: After lunch, we went to the game. Before In this example, there is an object following before, which means it is used as a preposition: Youve put the cart before the horse.In this example, there is no object following before; it is being used as an adverb: Ive heard that somewhere before.In this example, there is no object following before and the word introduces a clause, so its clear that before is a conjunction: Come over before you leave. Out In this example, there is an object following out, which means it is used as a preposition:  The cat followed the child out the door.In this example, there is no object following out; it is being used as an adverb:  Would you like to go out for lunch? When these words are part of a verb phrase, theyre adverbs. You check out, look up, and call off something, so these words might appear to be prepositions with objects. But they cant be split off from their verbs. He checked out the book. Out the book is not a prepositional phrase, as you dont go out a book. Examining Your Writing If your writing often contains really long sentences, look at prepositional phrases as a place to cut the chaff or reorganize when revising. Too many of them in a sentence can make it difficult to understand if the sentence gets over 25–30 words or so, depending on how far apart the subject is from its verb. This issue can often be fixed by splitting a long sentence into two or three shorter sentences or moving the verb closer to its subject.

Rhetorical Analysis on a speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rhetorical Analysis on a speech - Essay Example During the federal election in November, Anthony was able to convince the election staff in Rochester, New York to let her and a number of her female friends to register so that they can participate in the electoral exercise. The premise of their argument is that their group of women wanted to claim their right in the said election because it is expressed in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, which supposedly takes precedence over the statute barring women to vote under the Constitution of New York. Four days after she casted her vote, Anthony was incarcerated and let out only after paying $1000 bail. And so triggered the important oratorical piece, â€Å"Is It a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?†, she would deliver that would contribute its part to the women’s suffrage movement then and later on. The Rhetoric The speech, as previously stated, is an excellent rhetorical piece. It can be classified as such because it was ve ry successful in impressing its audience by appealing to emotions, effectively driving them to action, to take the side of the speaker or change point of views. These are made more significant by the fact that the speech is a composed of a meager 538 words. Anthony took the podium, defending her actions during the elections, stressing that what she did is an assertion of her rights, which should be equal to any of the American citizens regardless of sex and ethnicity. She explained her position eloquently, citing the laws of men and the natural law, craftily steering the discourse on the issue of personhood – of whether women are persons as well. The idea is quite clever since the suggestion of the opposite would make women not persons, effectively relegating the side she was criticizing as unjust, to the point of barbarism so as to consider the female sex incomplete or not entirely human. To demonstrate the efficacy of the persuasive capability of the speech, I would outline three important elements present in Anthony’s persuasive speech – loosely based on the Aristotelian conception of what makes an effective rhetoric. First point is the fact that Anthony’s speech presented strong arguments. As with any form of persuasive text, it has sufficiently outlined several facts and verifiable information that supported each points made. For example, Anthony claimed that the right to vote is applicable to women as much as it covers men. She used excerpts from the American Constitution – a very credible resource that rightfully superseded all legal documents in the US. She was emphatic about the â€Å"we† and â€Å"citizen† words as expressed in the preamble of the Constitution as well as the in opinions of the legal luminaries of her time such as Webster, Worcester and Bouvier. Anthony was able to effectively draft a logical and natural argumentation as if women-voting is the most natural thing in the world and that to deny them such opportunity is like an aberration that could offend the lord Almighty, himself. Anthony, ended her speech with a question: whether women are persons, too. The answer is her most powerful argument, banking on the commonsensical answer that they are, indeed. And so what is the specific reason why women are to be denied the right of other persons –

Global Organizational Behavior And Employee Development Dissertation

Global Organizational Behavior And Employee Development - Dissertation Example The findings of the research indicate that there is a positive relationship between employee development and the organization behavior. Motivation and job satisfaction determine the employees’ contribution to the achievement of the organizational goals. The limitation of this research emanates from the fact that the data used for the analysis is subjective to the human opinions and hence may be untruthful. The recommendation of this study is that the management team in any organization should invest in employee motivation and development to optimize the worker output. The value of this research lies in its ability to provide viable solutions to the reformation of organization behavior. Given that employees form part of the scarce organizational resources, optimizing their output is a priority for any organization that intends to remain productive in the competitive market environment. This paper makes a conclusion that the topic of global of global organizational behavior and employee development is of great importance to the modern organizations, this has not received the amount of attention it deserves from researchers in the present generation. The theories that were developed by classical, and other past theorists on this topic might not be highly relevant to the situation of the modern organization. This is because of the fact that the traditional organization has experienced vast transformations in its structure, and the modern business environment has also experienced various changes, in addition to the needs and living standards of the modern employees.

The Official Language Movement Essay Example for Free

The Official Language Movement Essay http://www.nabe.org/education/politics.html This website is run by the National Association for Bilingual Education.   It presents an informative insight into the controversies surrounding the implementation of a Bilingual Education policy.   The website basically presents the argument that while many Americans may resist the idea of having bilingual modes of instruction in classrooms; they are also unaware of the fact that the Bilingual Education program does not mean that both languages will be at par.   It still recognizes the primacy of the English language over other languages. Quality Bilingual Education: Defining Success This report by Maria Estela Brisk basically examines the recent studies that have been done with regard to Bilingual Education over the years.   It argues that there are different notions of success in Bilingual Education.   As an alternative, the author suggests that the success in Bilingual Education can no longer be viewed in traditional views but must also incorporate newer concepts in the advent of globalization. The Pros of Bilingual Education – This article by Dominico Maceri in the Denver Business Journal basically argues that the implementation of Bilingual Education produces better overall long term benefits.   The old â€Å"sink and swim† method that was in place no longer holds true, according to Maceri.   Instead, schools should allow immigrant school children the chance to get the education that their parents were never able to have.   Strengthening the learning core of the students should be the number one priority. Chicano Empowerment and Bilingual Education: Movimiento Politics in Crystal City, Texas – This article by Angela Valenzuela highlights the field work conducted in Crystal City on the topic of Bilingual Education.   It recounts the history of the evolution of Bilingual Education in the area and places emphasis on the factors that made it possible such as an increasing Latin American population.   The article basically states that bilingual education is more than just linguistic development.   The implementation of bilingual education programs in schools will lead to community empowerment.    References: â€Å"Why Bilingual Education is Controversial† from http://www.nabe.org/education/politics.html last accessed on November 17, 2007 Brisk, Maria Estela (1999) Quality Bilingual Education: Defining Success. Presented at the Symposium on Language Policy, Bar Ilam University, Israel, November, 1999 Maceri, Dominico (1999). The Pros of Bilingual Education. The Denver Business Journal. June 4, 1999 Valenzuela, Angela Chicano empowerment and bilingual education: Movimiento politics in Crystal City, Texas. Bilingual Research Journal. Winter 2000. FindArticles.com. 19 Nov. 2007. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3722/is_200001/ai_n8901892

Violence In Films Essay -- essays research papers

What place does violence have in the movies? Well, I believe that violence has a place in movies depending on the particular film and what the director of the film is trying to portray. If the director uses violence in his/her film and there isn't any reason behind it, then I would disagree and say that violence shouldn't be in THAT particular film. But in a movie like "Saving Private Ryan", Steven Spielburg replicates the actual events of D-Day on to the big screen by creating a violent-like scene to get the viewer of an understanding of what U.S. troops had to go through. In other films, we see violence used to test the human soul and to see if he/she/they could overcome trials and tribulations. In the film "Independence Day", Earth was attacked "violently&quo... Violence In Films Essay -- essays research papers What place does violence have in the movies? Well, I believe that violence has a place in movies depending on the particular film and what the director of the film is trying to portray. If the director uses violence in his/her film and there isn't any reason behind it, then I would disagree and say that violence shouldn't be in THAT particular film. But in a movie like "Saving Private Ryan", Steven Spielburg replicates the actual events of D-Day on to the big screen by creating a violent-like scene to get the viewer of an understanding of what U.S. troops had to go through. In other films, we see violence used to test the human soul and to see if he/she/they could overcome trials and tribulations. In the film "Independence Day", Earth was attacked "violently&quo...

Engineering HSC Civil Structures

1. What development in motor cars led to the need to replace the block brake? What was the replacement? With the adoption of pneumatic rubber tyres for cars in 1895, the block brake became impractical and was replaced as an automobile brake, and was replaced by the contracting band brake. 2. Who invented the drum brake? In what year did this occur? In 1902 Louis Renault invented the internal expanding drum brake. 3. Why was the drum brake superior to its predecessors? First, the shoes are enclosed on the drum so the friction lining is away from water or dirt, so they last longer. The drum brake also exhibits servo-assistance, in both forward and reverse; the leading shoe exhibits servo assistance in forward travel, the trailing shoe in reverse travel. 4. Why are the disc brakes used extensively now? The disc brake offers better heat dissipation than the drum brake and also offers better weather performance as water is thrown off the disc by centrifugal force. 5. Why is asbestos still allowed in brake linings in Australia? Asbestos gave the break lining greater stability at higher temperatures, thus the linings are more resistant to break failure form the heat. 6. The coefficient of friction (Â µ) is ratio between what two values? The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the frictional force present and the normal reaction to the matting surfaces. Â µ=FFRN 7. What is the tensile stress in a brake cable of diameter 2 mm if the tensile force in the cable is 200N? 8. Draw a stress strain curve for mild steel; label the proportional limit, the upper and lower yield points and the UTS. . What is the difference between elastic and plastic deformation? 10. State Pascals principle. Why is it important to hydraulics? 11. What is steel? 12. What is the difference between austenite and ferrite? 13. What is pearlite? 14. What happens to the hardness of steel as the amount of cementite increases? 15. Describe what martensite is. 16. Why is manganese added to steels? 17. What effect will nickel have if added to a low alloy steel? 18. Why is molybdenum added to the nickel-chromium steels? 19. Why is Hadfield steel used for? What is different about its structure at room temperature as opposed to plain carbon steels? 20. There are three types of stainless steels available. List three and describe the uses of each? 21. Which stainless steel is non-magnetic? 22. What is the difference cast iron and steel? 23. Carbon appears in different forms in cast irons, how does it appear in white cast iron and grey cast iron? 24. Which type of grey cast iron is stronger, fine or course? 25. How do SG cast iron and CG cast iron differ? 26. Blackheart malleable cast iron has free carbon present in Whiteheart malleable cast iron? 27. Is free carbon present in Whiteheart malleable cast iron? 28. Why is copper added to break pads? 29. What type of resin is used to bind the break pad together? 30. Draw two stress strain diagrams, one showing high toughness, and one displaying high strength but a brittle failure. 31. What are the four hardness tests available? 32. Find the tension in the vertical and horizontal cables for the brake system shown. Slove this problem graphically then analytically.

Old Sly Eye

One of my fondest memories of my grandfather is his favorite story he loved to tell every time he visited. Though he had many fun and exciting stories, this specific story had quickly become my favorite also. It is the story of â€Å"Old Sly Eye†. As a younger boy, Grandpa Newman was outside in a large berry patch located in their backyard in Salt Lake City, UT. As he was picking raspberries, gooseberries, and blackberries he saw something slowly stirring towards him over on the row next to him. It was the biggest porcupine he had ever seen. He noticed his eyes blood red and the quills were like small arrows the Indians used. He sat there looking mean and mad. Grandpa didn’t want the porcupine to get old Jazz, his sidekick dog, and fill him full of quills, so he hurried up to the house to get his gun. Unfortunately, his shotgun was out of shells and had to rely on the 22, the only other gun he had. With no other choice, he loaded the 22 and headed back down to the berry patch to find the porcupine. Grandpa silently went up and down the rows, but could not see him. Finally, as he approached the blackberries, there was the porcupine as if he was waiting there for him to come back. Grandpa and the porcupine were only a few feet from one another. He knew his little 22 wasn’t as efficient as his shotgun. His plan was to shoot the porcupine in the eye in hopes to hit his brain. The trigger was pulled. Grandpa had shot the porcupine in the eye but amazingly didn’t hit his brain. He squealed and twisted and ran out of the patch. A stream of blood was left behind by the porcupine. Grandpa whistled at Jazz and they followed the trail of blood that led them to a canal. The porcupine was nowhere to be found. He had escaped into the water leaving no trace of him. Grandpa and Jazz sombered back home with no porcupine. Several weeks slowly passed by with no indication of the illusive porcupine. Grandpa had almost forgotten about him until one cool evening, when a full moon showed its face over Mt. Olympus. Out watering the field, a loud splashing noise arose through the grass. Grandpa carefully sauntered closer to the sound and peeked through the grass. There he was, the big porcupine snarling and showing his teeth. Grandpa instantly knew it was the same porcupine he shot because he only had one eye. Over time grandpa had tried to stay out of the one eyed porcupine’s way, but from time to time he would appear in the field and yard. Grandpa named the porcupine, Old Sly Eye. Over the years, Sly Eye lingers around the berry patch at night, trying not to be seen. I don’t know how old I was when I realized the story I loved to hear was fictitious. As children, Grandpa Newman would take us in the dark night with flashlights to that same canal searching for that one-eyed porcupine. To this day, grandpa still repeats this story to all his great grandchildren as though he still believes these events occurred. It’s a story that will be told for generations to come.

Diversity of the world’s population The WritePass Journal

Diversity of the world’s population Introduction Diversity of the world’s population IntroductionTranscultural NursingThe Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory by Madeleine LeiningerThe Sunrise EnablerThe Ethno-nursing MethodHolistic Nursing PracticeThe Theory of Environmental Adaptation by Florence NightingaleTranscultural Nursing vs. Holistic Nursing PracticeConclusionRelated Introduction Diversity of the world’s population has reached a point where it is vital to address and more importantly to understand, the ever growing challenge that transcultural nursing poses to the nursing profession. Addressing this issue avoids discrimination and promotes equality within holistic nursing practice in order to meet patients’ needs. Health care professionals should be qualified to deliver, on a daily basis, proficient care and sensitive skilled communication to culturally different individuals (Maier-Lorentz, 2008). To exercise professional nursing in a conceptual way holistic nursing care focuses on physical, emotional, social, environmental and spiritual aspects as well as on the idea that any individual involved in treatment care should be treated as a whole and with dignity (Dossey Guzzetta, 2005). One of the areas to be discussed is Transcultural Nursing and Leininger’s Transcultural Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and its research enablers: the Sunrise Enabler and the Ethnonursing Method. Another area will be Holistic Nursing Practice and Nightingale’s Nursing Theory of Environmental Adaptation as well as the liaison between Transcultural Nursing and Holistic Nursing Practice. Nightingale’s theory has been chosen over others because she was the first to acknowledge nurses’ work in a theoretical framework and also because she was considered to be the mother of nursing practices (Ellis, 2008). The development of culture care theory introduced health care professionals into a new nursing dimension formed by issues such as culture background, spirituality, environment and others that demonstrated how culture and health care are linked (Leininger, 2002a). Holistic Nursing Practice encourages active communication and reciprocal understanding, underlines the exercise of physiological and psychosocial awareness, it is based on logical thinking and supports values such as autonomy and patient wishes and tendencies (MacKinnon, 2010). Transcultural Nursing Transcultural nursing may be defined as a method to contrast and observe how individuals view health care, biased by their culture background. The principles of practising transcultural nursing are to provide complete nursing care to individuals or groups by treating them with respect and taking into account their cultural factors. It is all about nursing practice applied to cultural values and limitations (Leininger, 1991). Definitions of transcultural nursing incorporate many factors that shape the individual’s cultural orientation. These include are age, sexual orientation and financial aspects. It has been suggested that by ignoring these culture background factors, health care professionals do not achieve enough cultural experience to be incorporated in holistic nursing practice (Barnes et al. 2000). This absence might lead to unsafe nursing care and both dissatisfied patients and professionals (Curren, 2006 cited in Leininger McFarland, 2006, pp.159-160). To promote transcultural nursing care, Narayan (2001) felt that there are four crucial attitudes to assume caring, empathy, openness and flexibility. This shows the patients a cultural understanding, appreciation, consideration and willingness from health care professionals that are based on individual care. Cultural education and the creation of culturally competent care professionals are one of the biggest challenges yet to tackle worldwide. For instance, in America, as the migrant population increases notably so it does the need for reducing inequalities and barriers such as language. Maier-Lorentz (2008) firmly understood that such a need could be met by the targeting of bilingual health care professionals coming from different backgrounds. Moreover, she suggested that in order to provide culturally competent nursing care, some knowledge of non-vocal communication signs could be of great value, as it is in eye contact, touch, silence, space and distance, and health care habits. Green-Hernandez (2004) recommended that as a step towards multicultural competency, professionals that need to deal with farmers should familiarize themselves with their specific customs such as using animal medication for their own conditions as a consequence of living far away from the care institutions. With the purpose of understanding culture, Andrews Boyle (1997) gave out diverse illustrations. For example, they suggested that by understanding a people’s proverbs, professionals may grasp knowledge of the cultural values shared by that population. The authors also stressed the importance of culture knowledge when coming across two different ways to view stealing. For one culture it may not be acceptable whereas for another one, e.g. gipsy people, it may be ok, as long as it is coming from a better-off person. Furthermore, they also found, through researchers, that different cultures may think that by being a demanding patient, the treatment they receive may improve. Riley (2004) reported that a foremost test for nurses in an ethnically different society is communication. Not just words but also tone and volume form spoken communication which in diverse cultures differs greatly. For example, Thai people are regarded as not talking too much as they believe it is a sign of idiocy whereas Cuban people are happy with talking vociferously. He also pointed out that Europeans are not afraid of talking about emotions whereas Asians are hesitant to do so. With regards to communication without words Riley (2004) explained that eye contact is not always expected. For instances, in Native America and Asian cultures it is offensive and among Muslim Arab women it is allowed only to their husbands. Therefore, he identified the importance for healthcare professionals to be culturally aware. Phillimore (2011) explored the challenge of provision of diversity needs in the UK based on studies done on health care service provision to new migrants, during 2007/08 in Birmingham. She stated that with political forces wanting to reduce welfare support for new migrants, such provision becomes quite a challenge. She also believed that, in the long run, this disregarding of health care needs will lead to further issues for the health care system that otherwise could be avoided by just providing what is needed now: cultural and language services and health support. It was also suggested that in today’s political climate offering of ethnically specific provision by the community and for the community, results in the local needs not being met, as the existing GP systems are already overstretched. She concluded that a number of migrants are condemned to an unwelcoming future since UK seems to embrace a tendency of anti-migrant sentiment and a move to community institution instead of multicultural provision (Phillimore, 2011). The Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory by Madeleine Leininger In the 1950’s Madeleine Leininger, a nurse-anthropologist, realised that nursing practice was requiring a theory to allow people to transform nursing into a more advanced and beneficial discipline that challenges nurses to open up to cultural variety and universality (Leininger, 2006). This was developed as a response to the demand for multicultural care which was immense and yet incomplete as many healthcare systems did not consider the need for bringing together culture and nursing care (Giger Davidhizar, 2008). The culture care diversity and universality theory developed by Leininger in 1991 (Leininger, 2002a) is unique in that it focuses on competent care, can be used upon any culture and is based not only on individuals but groups and families too. The theory addresses the importance of a consistent cultural competence instrument to acquire cultural awareness through a constant learning attitude and approval towards human differences and rights by health care professionals (Burford, 2001, cited in Baxter, 2001, pp. 202-203). Leininger (2002a) insisted on the importance of transcultural knowledge as a tool to avoid human acts such as the event of September 11, 2001. She then proposed the culture care theory as the most holistic approach to gradually transform the health system. This much needed transformation requires understanding of individuals in ways that identify and respect their cultural background and will lead us to understand such transcultural dismay. The theory was used in a study among Hispanic home care patients in the US, 2007, in order to identify cultural needs. As a result, care delivery improved in some areas and there was a suggestion describing the use of the model as a tool to reduce costs in the health care system (Woerner et al. 2009). Leininger’s theory applies not only to races from different backgrounds but also to today’s controversial groups such as transgendered people, disabled people , the youth, poverty and the homeless that may pose a certain degree of difficulty of understanding to healthcare professionals. There is also an agreement that, thanks to Leininger’s culture care theory, the nursing profession today knows how to allow for culture when looking after individuals and has a widely spread   caring philosophy in hospitals (Clarke et al. 2009). For this model to assist the health care professional to understand factors as important as management and policies, as well as being able to reflect on their decisions and actions, Leininger designed two tool assessments, The Sunrise Enabler and the Ethno Nursing research method, which are based on monitoring treatment care on a daily basis (Hubbert, 2006, cited in Leininger McFarland, 2006, pp. 354-356). The sunrise enabler focuses mainly on total life ways and caring factors influencing health and well-being, disabilities and death. It also identifies features influenced by the patient’s cultural background whereas ethnonursing finds ways in which multicultural care could be better. In doing so, the reflected culture becomes part of the holistic nursing practice (Leininger, 2006). The Sunrise Enabler The Sunrise Enabler is used as an assessment tool to enable multidisciplinary teams to deliver suitable and competent cultural assessments that impede intolerance and stereotype behaviour. This is to supply the healthcare system with a guide to cultural vicinities ranging from religious beliefs to economic factors (Giger Davidhizar, 2008). Wherever a healthcare professional starts the model either from the top or from the bottom, the most important feature is to listen to the individuals, trying to grasp ideas and concepts rather than enforcing them (Leininger, 2002a). Healthcare professionals struggled to understand the meaning of factors influencing the care practice so crucial when applying the culture care theory. Such factors as culture beliefs, environment and religion were to be included in the nursing care, therefore Leininger (1997) built the Sunrise Enabler to illustrate such aspects. The Ethno-nursing Method This method was developed to fit the purposes of qualitative research methods. It is a systematic method for studying multiple cultures and care factors within a familiar environment of people and to focus on the interrelationships of care and culture to arrive at the goal of culturally congruent care. Ethnonursing is a particular research method developed by Leininger to inspect the theory. It was developed to allow health care professionals to discover new ways of helping different cultural groups distinguish features of nursing care (Leininger, 2006). Leininger (2006, p.6) stated that the ethnonursing method â€Å"†¦was new and unknown in nursing and was different from other qualitative methods including ethnography†. Holistic Nursing Practice The exercise of modern nursing is based on the view of holism that underlines the individual’s wholeness. Healing viewed as an indication of nursing practice that treats people as whole, developed in the late 20th and early 21st century into a popular subject in nursing in order to clarify the meaning of wholeness and holism. As a result, alternative therapies surfaced as approaches of practice in holistic nursing (Locsin, 2002). The definition of holistic came into effect in the 20th century. Then the word holism included the physical, emotional, mental, social, cultural, and spiritual view. This view of holism was envisioned by Florence Nightingale who is seen today as an example to follow, although many of her studies are not used in today’s nursing practice (Beck, 2010). â€Å"Holistic nursing care embraces the mind, body and spirit of the patient, in a culture that supports a therapeutic nurse/patient relationship, resulting in wholeness, harmony and healing. Holistic care is patient led and patient focused in order to provide individualised care, thereby, caring for the patient as a whole person rather than in fragmented parts† (McEvoy Duffy, 2008, Vol.8, p. 418). Furthermore, it addressed the expansion of multidisciplinary and collaborative teams as a way to applying holistic care into practice and asserted that the practice of holistic care by health professionals should avoid intrusion and, when really needed, as it is the case of unconscious patients, should use skills that include aspects such as consideration, disciplined criticism and liability in order to exercise nursing in a holistic approach (McEvoy Duffy, 2008). Since individuals from different culture backgrounds may appreciate holistic nursing practice and care choices in different ways so is the healthcare provided in different ways (Locsin, 2001). It may also be the case that some individuals may feel embarrassed to mention alternative remedies used in the past, therefore the assessment should be supportive rather than disapproving (Maddalena, 2009). Pearcey (2007) ran a study on clinical practices amongst student nurses to draw on a few key points related to holistic nursing practice. It was found that the notion of holistic care was not clear within nursing practice. Some students claimed not to know the right meaning of holistic nursing practice and also claimed that tasks and routines are what nursing is all about. The study showed an evident lack of professionalism and knowledge amongst care professionals as well as a huge gap between what is taught and what is really applied at work. The author concluded that there is a real risk of inconsistency within the profession. Within the practice of holistic care there has been lately a huge influence of alternative or complementary medicine which care experts have tried to professionalise by setting certain values to be met. A study amongst nurses and midwives accomplished in England, 2008, revealed this but also the lack of initiative from the NHS to incorporate such practices, even though it was demonstrated that a huge variety of them were successfully applied on patients where biomedicine seemed not to work. Such practices included reflexology, aromatherapy, acupuncture and massage that actually underlined biomedicine rather than substituted (Cant et al. 2011). Whilst carrying out an interview on medical students in the UK, a student suggested that it is actually a catch-22-situation when looking after patients from diverse races as they have diverse predominance of whatever conditions that eventually will require different treatment, a world apart from what is being taught in medical schools with regards to treating everyone in the same way (Roberts et al. 2008). A quick look to Harrison (2008) for a concluding comment on multicultural nursing in relation to holistic care, offers us this brief view: a Western health care organism that has not managed to treat minority communities in a holistic manner is a system that claims to care for one and all identically. The Theory of Environmental Adaptation by Florence Nightingale According to Nightingale’s Theory of Environmental Adaptation, an individual’s health is improved by looking after the surrounding environment. It goes further than this and asks for the environment to be operated by the health care professionals as an approach to healing (Howett et al.   2010). Florence Nightingale defined nursing as â€Å"†¦the act of utilising the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery† (Funnell et al. 2009). She determined that the deficiency of factors such as uncontaminated air, clean water, sanitation, hygiene and sunlight is unhealthy to the human being. Furthermore, she reasoned that temperature, environment and nutrition affect the patient (Kozier, et al. 2008). This theory of nursing includes inspection, recognition of environment changes and their execution and supporting the patient health care by allowing the environment to benefit the patient (Neils, 2010). Selanders (2010) reviewed and compared this theory’s aspects with modern day practice and reported that Nightingale’s concept, such as air, light, noise and cleanliness is equal to today’s concept of physical environment; health recommendations to psychological environment; food to nutritional status and observation to nursing management. The author also estimated that the theory has been used in several qualitative works and some studies on the childbirth process. Transcultural Nursing vs. Holistic Nursing Practice According to Leininger (2002b) patients are not provided full holistic care by health professionals. Factors such as kinship, religion, environment and culture are largely missing. For that reason, care professionals should avoid being judgmental when delivering holistic care and rather provide an all-inclusive care that respects the individual’s cultural background (Maddalena, 2009). As a student nurse, it is vital to value the development of cultural awareness and competency within the profession in order to encourage and address all stages of holistic nursing practice as it is meaningful to today’s multicultural society. Leininger (1997) also claimed that essential practice is needed to create a regulation of multicultural nursing that could be of use to much ignored cultures. For example, acute medical treatment, medication, and patient fulfilment can be improved by understanding care beliefs when bringing in nursing care which, in turn, could save the health care system financially and also have a desired positive outcome on patients (Woerner et al. 2009). Individuals or groups may clash with health professionals if they are not showing respect for each other’s cultural beliefs resulting in poor treatment and patients losing hope in the health care system. Hogg (2010a) also underpinned this understanding as crucial to delivering accurate holistic nursing practice. However, not only patients may lose faith in the system. Hogg (2010b) also affirmed that nurses from black and minority ethnic have suffered, at some point, racial harassment as well as lack of opportunities according to their numbers in the nursing profession. As holistic nursing practice centres on recognition of patients’ rights and choices (Potter, 2005 cited in Dossey et al. 2005, p.347), it is subsequently supporting the meaning behind multicultural care. The association of both precepts confirms an ongoing engagement to pursue equality and diversity as promoted by the Nursing Midwifery Council (2008). â€Å"Inherent in nursing is respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect. Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted by considerations of age, colour, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, politics, race or social status† (The International Council for Nurses, 2005). When assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating a patient’s needs as to medication, health professionals should take into account culture’s physiologic traits, as it can seriously impact the treatment. For instances, due to genetics, for one patient a normal given dose may develop a reaction whereas for another it may not work at all (Anon, 2005). Conclusion It is obvious that cultural competency is a must when performing holistic nursing practice, in order to deliver a responsive and high quality care system. It is therefore recommended that specific cultural training should be given to all health care professionals so as to not overlook the great multi-cultural society we all are in. As society becomes more diverse, health care professionals should expand guiding principles that sponsor cultural skills as a way to deliver enhanced holistic healthcare. By carrying out this essay, the author realises the significance of treating people in a holistic way and not making assumptions just because they are from different cultures. This is something that seems yet not to be well implemented in my workplace (NHS since 2007). The author will, from now on, be more aware of his practice when caring for individuals from different culture backgrounds. It can be considered that nursing as a profession is also an example of human culture so indispensable for a in peak condition community, as seen looking through the theories of nursing and its tools presented in this paper, which if not recognized may affect the execution of holistic practice and its results, i.e. it is a profession whose culture needs to be elastic if it is to  fulfill  its function.

Hook †Your Magic Tool for Grabbing Reader`s Attention

Hook – Your Magic Tool for Grabbing Reader`s Attention How to Write a Hook for Essay A successful essay introduction should include the following elements – background information, thesis statement and, of course, an attention grabber or a hook. It is a wonderful tool, with the use of which you will be able to make your readers want to read on. A hook is like a bridge that will transport your reader into the world of your essay. In the era of excessive information, it is very important to make the first sentences of your paper really catching and exciting. That is why you need a great essay hook. Types of Hooks and Their Examples Use the literary quote that inspires you. It is a great choice if the subject of your essay is literature. For example: "You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view...Until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it." - Harper Lee,  To Kill a Mockingbird Make a startling statement. Impress your audience with the unexpected thought. For example: â€Å"You cannot shake hands with a clenched fist† or â€Å"To read without reflecting is like eating without digesting† Provide your readers with shocking numbers and statistics. Prove that the issue you are investigating is global in character. For example: â€Å"800 Million people go to beds without eating anything† or â€Å"850 Million don’t have access to clean water and 2.5 Billion do not have proper sanitation† Ask your readers a rhetorical question. Make them think about some problems. For example: â€Å"If humans evolved from apes or chimps, why are the chimps and apes still here?† or â€Å"How can you mend a broken heart?† Use contradictions in your essay to build complexity. For example: â€Å"The same people who assert never to have stolen all their lives, download thousands of dollars worth of pirated software and media over the Internet† or â€Å"The same people who've spent more time than most of us flying around the earth are proportionately more likely to insist fossil fuel consumption is a very grave problem† Use a famous metaphor to make your readers interested in your essay. For example: â€Å"Art washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life† or â€Å"If you want a love message to be heard, it has got to be sent out. To keep a lamp burning, we have to keep putting oil in it† Definition can also be a good essay hook. For example: â€Å"Tolerance is a sympathy or indulgence for beliefs or practices differing from or conflicting with one's own† Reveal a common misconception to surprise your readers. For example: â€Å"All humans learn in similar ways. There is no evidence that people have different  learning styles,  nor that different teaching styles improve information retention† or â€Å"In addition to sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, humans can sense at least 20 things including balance, acceleration, position, pain, temperature, pressure, and thirst† Tips on How to Write a Good Hook for Essay The type of essay hook you choose should be appropriate and relevant. Your hook should look natural in the context. The transition from the hook to the thesis statement should be smooth. It is important to consider your audience before you decide which type of hook is better for your essay. Do some planning before writing a strong essay hook. A good hook should fir your style, tone and writing frame. Your hook should sound thought-provoking. You should remember that writing a good hook means writing well from the very start. But what to do if you still have troubles with these attention grabbers? In such cases we recommend you to read essay writer reviews and choose the writing service that would help you make your essay truly interesting and worth reading.

Managing the patient assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing the patient assignment - Essay Example Even though no evidence exists to the effect that survival rate drops after the first one hour, giving care during this time ensures that most forms of injuries and traumas are still fresh for informed decisions to be made. Right after identifying haemorrhage in patient’s brain, the most immediate action to take is to stabilise the blood pressure and breathing of the patient (Kool and Blickman, 2007). This is because, the haemorrhage, which represents breeding in the patient’s brain may deteriorate with deteriorating blood pressure level. The stabilisation can be done by the radiographer using breathing assist machine, which is a ventilator. This is because a ventilator can guarantee sufficient oxygen supply to the brain and other organs, which will be a very important intervention to ensuring that the haemorrhage is brought to stable conditions. The radiographer can also choose intravenous access, especially where the patient came in unconscious. In the giving situation, as much as early x-ray procedures are important, it is also very important to ensure that procedures are carried out in a manner and in a way that is successful and less restricting. Achieving this however depends on how the radiographer will deal with the patient during x-ray procedure. One of the most acceptable interventions in such situations of trauma and vehicular accident is the use of backup radiography. This means that the radiographer must first admit to the need for other people to assist. Such assistance should be focused on accurate diagnosis, which can be achieved when immobilisation techniques are used to ensure that the patient stays in place as expected for the processes to take place (Victorino, Battistella and Wisner, 2003). Where the patient is conscious, communication will be very important in ensuring that the right information is had pertaining to specific activities that cause particular injury patterns in the patient (Battistella, 19 98). During the